PM 2.5 dust does not only affect the respiratory system but also impacts our brains, increasing the risk of early Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.
Research from the University of California, Davis found that PM2.5 particles are so small they can penetrate the "brain." Continuous daily inhalation without protection may lead to serious diseases like Alzheimer's or Parkinson's at a young age. This highlights the need for self-protection against harmful dust.
Dr. Peemanpatch Thanachaanvisit, a neurologist at the Brain and Nervous System Center, Vimut Hospital, answered how PM2.5 dust infiltrates and harms the brain, and shared practical tips to protect the brain from toxic dust.
The danger of PM2.5 dust lies in its size—20 to 30 times smaller than human hair—making it small enough to penetrate the body and reach the brain through two main routes.
When this toxic dust reaches the brain, it triggers inflammation and oxidative stress at the cellular level, causing the brain to release cytokines that damage nerve cells, leading to gradual long-term brain structure deterioration.
The effects of PM2.5 dust may not cause immediate severe symptoms but can cause short-term brain fog, resulting in clouded thinking, slower cognition, reduced concentration, or sudden headaches and migraine flare-ups.
"If the brain is continuously exposed to dust, chronic inflammation may develop, accelerating brain structure degradation and causing premature brain atrophy. This can lead to earlier onset of Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease, with symptoms appearing as early as age 40–50 instead of the usual 60–70. Additionally, children exposed to pollution from the womb or during brain development may have higher risks of ADHD and autism spectrum disorder," Dr. Peemanpatch explained further.
We cannot detect PM2.5 levels with our eyes or nose, so monitoring air quality via applications like the AQI is very important. If dust levels are orange or red, it is hazardous to the body and brain.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends PM2.5 levels not exceed 25 micrograms per cubic meter, but many areas in Thailand often record levels above 50 micrograms per cubic meter, a concentration clearly harmful to the brain. Therefore, early self-protection is best, and anyone noticing abnormalities should promptly consult a doctor.
Adjusting daily habits can effectively reduce the harmful impact of toxic dust on the brain. Avoid outdoor activities on high dust days, especially for children, the elderly, pregnant women, and those with chronic illnesses. If going outside is necessary, wear an N95 mask, which filters PM2.5 better than standard masks. At home, use air purifiers with HEPA filters and regularly check and replace the filters.
Additionally, maintain a balanced diet rich in antioxidants, such as fruits and vegetables with vitamins C and E, and sea fish rich in omega-3. Reduce processed foods, sweets, and avoid smoking and alcohol. Exercise regularly for 30–40 minutes, three to four times a week, preferably indoors on high dust days. Adequate rest is also crucial for full brain health recovery.
"Although we cannot completely avoid PM2.5 dust, we can reduce its impact by caring for ourselves, avoiding high pollution days, and wearing masks when going outside. Those who start experiencing brain fog, slower thinking, or frequent headaches should see a doctor early to maintain brain and overall health for the long term," Dr. Peemanpatch concluded.